ou ,oa oU; tho j{kkFkZ 'kgknr
o`{k j{kkFkZ 'kgknr
lkeklM+h cfynku & [kstM+h o`{k j{kkFkZ lcls izFke cfynku jktLFkku ds tks/kiqj ftys ds xkao lkeklM+h dh nks fc'uksbZ efgyk,¡ djek vkSj xksjk ckbZ us lu~ 1604 esa fn;k Fkk] lkeklM+h xk¡o ds pkSd esa 'kfuokj ds fnu bu nksukas cfguksa us [kstM+h ds o`{k dh j{kk djrs gq, LoSPNk ls izfrfdz;k Lo:i vius izk.kksa dk cfynku fn;kA
fryokluh cfynku &jktLFkku ds tks/kiqj ftys dh fcykM+k rglhy ds fryokluh xkao ds ikl ,d [kstM+yk xkao gSa] tgka [kstM+h o`{kksa dh cgqrk;rk gSa xkoa esa HkkVh xkS= ds jktiwr T;knk jgrs FksA xk¡o ds Bkdqj xksikynkl vkSj fdjiknkl HkkVh FksA bu HkkbZ;ksa us [kstM+h ds o`{kksa dks dkVuk vkjEHk fd;k] rks bl ckr dk irk fryokluh xk¡o ds fc'uksbZ;ksa dks yxkA bldh lwpuk feyrs gh rhu&pkj fc'uksbZ **ekSV;kj** [kstM+yk xzke vk x;sA mUgksaus mudks o`{k dkVus ls jksdk ijUrq os ekus ugha vkSj gjs&Hkjs o`{k dkVrs x;sA rc izfrfdz;kLo:i fc'uksbZ fL=;ksa [khao.kh nsoh] uSrw uS.k o eksVk jke [ks[kj us o`{kksa dh j{kkFkZ vius izk.k R;kx fn;sA rnqijkUr o`{kksa dh dVkbZ jksduh iM+hA
iksykokl cfynku & ukxkSj ftys ds iksykokl xk¡o esa ps= ofn rht] fo la0 1700 ¼lu~ 1643 bZ0½ esa o`{k j{kkFkZ o xq: tEHks'oj ds i;kZoj.kh; /keZ&fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gq, ,d vf)rh; ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZA iksykokl xkao ds ikl jktksn xk¡o gS tgk¡ eSM+fr;k¡ Bkdqj ¼jktiwr½ jgrs FksA gksyh tykus ds fy;s ydfM+;ksa dh vko';drk gqbZ rks Bkdqjksa us [kstM+h ds gjs&Hkjs isM+kas dks dkVuk 'kq: dj fn;kA tc iksykokl xkao ds fc'uksbZ;ksa dks bl ckr dk irk pyk rks os lc jktksn xkao esa ,df=r gks x;sA mUgksaus igys vfglakRed joS;k viukrs gq, o`{kksa dks dkVus dk fojks/k fd;k ijUrq Bkdqj lkearoknh izo`fRr ds gksus ds dkj.k ekus ughaA Bkdqjksa fojks/k dh ijokg fd;s fcuk gh o`{k dkVrs jgs] rks ogk¡ cwpksth iq= 'kEHkhjketh ,spjk us o`{kksa dh j{kk djrs gq, cfynku ns fn;kA
[kstM+yh cfynku &;g ?kVuk jktLFkku esa tks/kiqj ftys ds xkao [kstM+yh esa ?kfVr gqbZ gSaA [kstM+h o`{kksa dh vR;kf/kd rknkn esa gksus ij bl xzke dk uke [kstM+yh iM+k gSaA ;g xkao tks/kiqj ls 22 fdyksehVj nwj mRrj&iwoZ esa fLFkr gSaA ;g ?kVuk rRdkyhu egkjktk vHk;flag ds le; Hkknksa lqnh 10 oha eaxyokj laor 1787 ¼lu~1730 bZ-½ esa ?kfVr gqbZ gSaA bl ?kVuk ds le; egkjktk vHk;flag xqtjkr esa ;q)jr FksA mudk iqLrsuh nhoku fxj?kj nkl Hk.Mkjh Fkk] ftlus [kstM+h ds o`{kksa dks dkVus dk Qjeku tkjh fd;k FkkA D;ksafd ml le; tks/kiqj ds fdys dk fuekZ.k dk;Z py jgk FkkA pwus ds iRFkj dks idkus ds fy, ydM+h dh vko';drk FkhA blfy, nhoku fxj/kj nkl us fc'uksbZ;ksa ds xzke [kstM+yh esa [kstM+h ds o`{k dVokus 'kq: dj fn;sA [kstM+yh xk¡o esa fc'uksbZ yksx jgrs FksA tgk¡ fc'uksbZ jgrs Fks] ogka ij oU; izkf.k;ksa rFkk isM+ksa dh j{kk t:j gksrh gSaA tc bl ?kVuk dh lwpuk 84 xkaoks ds fc'uksbZ;ksa ds ikl fHktokbZ] rks xqM+k xkao esa ,d fc'uksbZ;ksa dh egkiapk;r gqbZA egkiapk;r esa ;g fu.kZ; gqvk fd [kstM+h ds isM+ksa dks dkVus ugha nasxsA tc ;g lwpuk fxj/kj nkl Hk.Mkjh ds ikl fHktokbZ rks mlus lkQ 'kCnksa esa dg fn;k fd isM+ dkVus tkjh jgsxsaA rc fc'uksbZ L=h vkSj iq:"k o`{kksa ds lkFk fpid x;s] vkSj ,d&,d djds lHkh dVus yxsA ftlesa 60 xk¡oks ds 64 xks=ksa ds 217 ifjokjksa ds 363 L=h&iq:"kksa us viuk cfynku ns fn;kA ftlesa iq:"kksa dh la[;k 294 vkSj efgykvksa dh la[;k 69 FkhA 36 nEifRr;k¡ Lokgk gks x;hA bl egklej esa lcls igys cfynku nsus okyh L=h ve`rk nsoh fc'uksbZ FkhA
oU; tho j{kkFkZ 'kgknr
1- pwukjke xksnkjk fc’uksbZ
Jh pwukjke fo'uksbZ lqiq= Jh gjnkujke xksnkjk mez 22 lky] xkao&jksfgpk dYykW] rgfly o ftyk&tks/kiqj] us fpadkjk fgj.k dh j{kk djrs gq, fnukad 19 ebZ 1939 ¼laor~ 1995 tsB on ue½ ’kghn gks x;sA f'kdkjh jksfgpk fuoklh vpfy;k iq= dksth;k Hkhy o iqj[kh; iq= vkeyk Hkhy dks 15 fnlEcj 1939 dks lkr ekg dk dkjkokl gqvkA
2- /kqdyjke eky fc’uksbZ
Jh /kqdyjke fo'uksbZ xkao&jksVw] rgfly o ftyk&ukxkSj] exjklj Bkdqj dks fgj.k ds f'kdkj dks jksdus ds iz;kl esa 'kghn gks x;sA
3- fpeukjke ekatw fc’uksbZ
Jh fpeukjke fc'uksbZ lqiq= Jh xksj[kkjke ekatw mez 35 lky] xkao&ckjkl.k] rgfly&xqM+k ekyk.kh] ftyk ckM+esj] us 12 vizsy 1947 dks ckjkl.k xkao dh 'kjgn esa fpadkjk fgj.k dh j{kk djrs gq, f'kdfj;ksa ls eqBHksM+ esa lhus esa xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA
4- izrkikjke ekatw fc’uksbZ
Jh izrkikjke fc'uksbZ lqiq= Jh xksj[kkjke ekatw mez 29 lky] xkao&ckjkl.k] rgfly&xqM+k ekyk.kh] ftyk ckM+esj] us 12 vizsy 1947 dks vius cM+s HkkbZ ds lkFk gh ckjkl.k xkao dh 'kjgn esa fpadkjk fgj.k dh j{kk djrs gq, f'kdfj;ksa ls eqBHksM+ esa lhus esa xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA
5- vtZqujke iaokj fc’uksbZ
Jh vtZqujke fc'uksbZ lqiq= Jh izHkqjke iaokj mez 36 lky] xkao&Hkxrkluh] iksLV&[kstM+yh] rgfly o ftyk tks/kiqj] us 3 Qjojh 1950 dks Hkxrkluh xkao dh vksj.k esa f'kdkfj;ksa }kjk fpadkjk fgj.k dk f'kdkj djus gsrq xksyh pykbZ rc mUgksaus muls ?kk;y fgj.k NqM+kus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj f'kdfj;ksa dh eqBHksM+ esa xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA
6- Hkha;kjke xksnkjk fc’uksbZ
Jh Hkha;kjke fc'uksbZ lqiq= Jh ykykjke xksnkjk mez 25 lky] xkao&cukM+] rgfly o ftyk tks/kiqj] us 17 ebZ 1963 dks cukM+ xkao dh 'kjgn esa f'kdkfj;ksa }kjk dkys fgj.k dk f'kdkj jksdrs gq, f'kdfj;ksa dh eqBHksM+ esa xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA
7- dsgjflag tkV
Jh dsgjflag tkV fuoklh Hkwrudyka ¼gfj;k.kk½ f'kdkfj;ksa ls la?k"kZ ds nkSjku fnukad 8&4&1978 dks 'kghn gq,A
8- chjcyjke [khpM+ fc’uksbZ
Jh chjcyjke fc'uksbZ lqiq= Jh fcM+nkjke [khpM+ mez 30 lky] xkao&yksgkoV] rgfly&Qyksnh] ftyk tks/kiqj] us 17 fnlEcj 1977 dks yksgkoV xkao ds Mkcj {ks= esa f'kdkfj;ksa }kjk fpadkjk fgj.k dk f'kdkj djus gsrq xksyh pykdj fgj.k dks /kk;y dj fn;k rc mUgksaus muls ?kk;y fgj.k NqM+kus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj f'kdfj;ksa dh eqBHksM+ esa lhus ij xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA f'kdkjh dks lS'ku U;k;ky; tks/kiqj }kjk vkthou dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA
5- gfjukjk;.k oktis;h
Jh gfjukjk;.k oktis;h fuoklh eaxyiqj tksjk ftyk dkuiqj ¼mrjizns'k½ us uhyxk;ksa ds f'kdkj ds izfrca/k dh ekax ij 1 ebZ 1983 dks vkRenkg dj cfynku fn;kA
10- gtkjhyky ekatw fc’uksbZ
gfj.k j{kkFkZ 'kghn Jh gtkjhyky fo'uksbZ iq= Jh HkkxhjFkjke ekatw 19 ebZ 1990 dks esgjk.kk
12- vyh eksgEen
Jh vyh eksgEen lqiq= Jh ihjeksgEen xkao&mEesnxat+] ftyk&dksVk us 31 tqykbZ 1998 dks jkIVªh; i{kh eksj dk f'kdkj jkdrs gq, f'kdfj;ksa ls eqBHksM+ esa xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA bUgsa ej.kksijkUr jkT; ljdkj }kjk 1998 dk ve`rknsoh fc'uksbZ i;kZoj.k iqjLdkj iznku dj lEekfur fd;k x;kA
13- fugkypUn /kkj.kh;k fc’uksbZ
Jh fugkypUn fc'uksbZ lqiq= Jh guqekujke /kkjf.k;ka mez 35 lky] xkao&lkaorlj] rgfly&Mwaxjx<+] ftyk&pw# us 3 vDVwcj 1996 dks lkaorlj dh jksgh esa fgj.kksa dh j{kk djrs gq, f'kdfj;ksa ls eqBHksM+ esa xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA bUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ohjrk dk iqjLdkj 'kkS;Z pØ iqjLdkj ej.kksijkUr 22 vDVwcj 1999 dks egkefge jkIVªifr ds dj deyksa }kjk iznku dj lEekfur fd;k x;kA izFke ckj fdlh xSj lSfud dks ;g iqjLdkj feykA
14- lq[kjke tkV
Jh lq[kjke tkV ¼flikgh jkt- iqfyl½ lqiq= Jh lwjtkjke tkV mez 30 lky xkao&pkrjk ekatjk] ftyk&ukxksj us 30 ebZ 1999 dks Hkw.Msy xkao dh ’kjgn esa fpadkjk fgj.k dk f’kdkj jkdrs gq, f’kdfj;ksa ls eqBHksM+ esa xksyh yxus ls ’kghn gks x;sA
15- ukjk;.kjke tkV
Jh ukjk;.kjke tkV lqiq= Jh iqj[kkjke tkV xkao&HkheM+k] rgfly&ck;rq] ftyk&ckM+esj] us 4 tqykbZ 1999 dks fpadkjk fgj.k dh j{kk djrs gq, f'kdfj;ksa dh eqBHksM+ esa xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA 4 vxLr 1999 dks bUgsa ej.kksijkUr jkT; ljdkj }kjk ve`rknsoh fc'uksbZ i;kZoj.k iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
16- xaxkjke bZ'kjoky fc’uksbZ
Jh xaxkjke fc'uksbZ lqiq= Jh iqlkjke bZ'kjoky mez 35 lky] xkao&pSjkbZ] rgfly&vksfl;ka+] ftyk&tks/kiqj us12 vxLr 2000 dks pSjkbZ xkao dh 'kjgn esa fgj.kksa dh j{kk djrs gq, f'kdfj;ksa ls eqBHksM+ esa lhus esa xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA bUgsa ej.kksijkUr jkT; ljdkj }kjk ve`rknsoh fc'uksbZ i;kZoj.k iqjLdkj 2001 ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ohjrk dk iqjLdkj 'kkS;Z pØ iqjLdkj ej.kksijkUr 29 vDVwcj 2002 dks egkefge jkIVªifr Jh vCnqy dyke ds dj deyksa }kjk iznku dj lEekfur fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk gh izFke ve`rknsoh fc'uksbZ i;kZoj.k iqjLdkj 2002 }kjk bUgsa lEekfur fd;k x;kA jkT; ljdkj jktLFkku }kjk Jh dSyk'k lka[kyk iqjLdkj Hkh bUgsa iznku dj lEekfur fd;k x;kA xaxkjke fc'uksbZ ds gR;kjs f'kdkjh dks lSlu tt tks/kiqj }kjk vkthou dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ gSA
17- NSyqflag jktiwr
Jh NSywflag jktiwr lqiq= Jh pSuflag jktiwr xkao&
18- gfjflag jktiqjksfgr
Jh gfjflag jktiqjksfgr lqiq= Jh jk/kkfd'kuth ¼mez 30 o"kZ½ fuoklh tkcjk] rglhy iksdj.k] ftyk&tSlyesj fnukad 28 vizsy 2004 dks oU; izk.kh fgj.k dk f'kdkj jksdrs gq, 'kghn gks x;sA oU; izk.kh izseh gfjflag lkekftd dk;ks± ds lkFk&lkFk vdky esa fgj.k vkfn oU; thoksa dks vius VsªDVj ls ikuh fiykrk FkkA buds vfUre laLdkj ds le; tkcjk esa gtkjksa yksxksa us 'kghn dks J)katfy nhA ftlesa vf[ky Hkkjrh; tho j{kk fc'uksbZ lHkk ds inkf/kdkjh Hkh lEefyr gq,A budh fprk ds ikl gh fgj.k dh lekf/k yxkbZ xbZA
jktLFkku ds ikyh ftys ds usgM+k xkao ds vej liwr ohj flikgh xaxkjke fo'uksbZ lqiq= Jh th;kjke tka.kh 26 vizsy 2006 ¼oS'kk[k vekoL;k½ dks Mkafx;kokl iqfyl Fkkus esa viuh M~;wVh djrs gq, ukanM+k xkao esa f'kdkfj;ksa dh eqBHksM+ esa lhus esa xksyh yxus ls 'kghn gks x;sA Jh xaxkjke viuh eksVj lkbZfdy ls ukanM+k xkao rkfey djokus tk jgs Fks fd mUgsa xksyh dh vkokt lqukbZ nhA mUgksaus vkokt dh rjQ viuh eksVjlkbZfdy nkSM+kbZ rks f'kdkjh e`r fgj.k dks ysdj Hkkx jgk FkkA xaxkjke us mudk ihNk fd;k rks nwljs f'kdkjh us cUnwd ls xksyh pyk nh tks xaxkjke ds lhus esa yxhA xaxkjke ogha 'kghn gks x;sA f'kdkfj;ksa dks vkthou dkjkokl dh ltk gqbZA
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